2022-09-25 15:06 Status: # Integrated Circuit Technologies Entirely hand made:  No CAD. First microprocessor 4004 (Intel, beginning of 70s)  More modern microprocessor (Pentium 4) - can't see any structure in a photograph.  Regular structure - RAM (hand designed). Analogue tends to be done by hand.  ## Creating "modern" chip $10^6-10^{10}$ transistors - Design tools essential - Digital Logic - largely automatic Analogue Circuits - so many more parameters that are important it's very hard to completely automate. - largely handcrafted Digital and analogue tools are quite different. ## Moore's Law Performance of a chip doubles every 18 months.  Metrics: - number of devices - Power - Speed Likely it cannot continue due to size restrictions. ### Device cost  ## Key drivers ### Technology Shrink #### Pros - Less parasitic capacitance - Higher operating frequency - Shorter channel length - Requires reduced supply voltage #### Cons - Leakage - Poorer yield - less gain in transistors - parasitics determined by interconnects (determines delays) ## Chip Manufacturing Alot of technologies to choose from, see [Multi-Project Wafers (MPW)](Multi-Project%20Wafers%20(MPW).md). [^1] --- # References [^1]: [vr-4602-wk02-sc04-technologies](../../Spaces/University/ELEC4602%20–%20Microelectronics%20Design%20and%20Technology/Lectures/W2/vr-4602-wk02-sc04-technologies.mp4)